Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science

Assessing Industrial Pollution in the Tigris River Using Antibiotic-Resistant Pseudomonas spp. as an Environmental Indicator

Yonis Ahmed Kitan, Rafid A. Al- Zabad, Mahmood Abed Hamazah — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Industrially emitted effluents have been recognized to be one of the major sources for environmental pollution, releasing chemicals, nutrients, and traces of antibiotics into water bodies. In this regard, this study examined the role of industrial pollution in antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas spp. isolated from surface water in the Tigris River, specifically in Baghdad’s industrial area. A total of 80 water samples were obtained for a period of one year from four locations (S1-S4), which were selected based on variations in levels of pollution caused by industries, as well as agricultural activities. Phenotypic analysis was employed for identifying, characterizing, and differentiating isolated Pseudomonas spp. Sensitivity tests performed among antibiotics have shown resistance rates to be high for Piperacillin (78%), Ceftazidime (65%), Ciprofloxacin (60%), and Tetracycline antibiotics (55%), but low for Imipenem (21%). A resistance rate of 93.75% for combinations involving two or more antibiotics, as well as 52% for six or more antibiotics, has been observed. Additionally, Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) has been observed to exceed 0.2 for all locations, with S2 having the highest MARI value (0.51), which is an area where industries release their highest amounts of waste. Correlation analysis has shown a positive relationship for all locations between MARI values, Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity (TUR), Turbidity (TUR), but an inverse relationship for pH. Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for resistance levels among isolated groups A and B1 in highly polluted areas. In conclusion, selective pressures caused by industries, as well as agricultural activities, have increased MDR levels among environmental isolates. Heat map analysis, along with plot analysis, has provided evidence for a positive relationship between levels of environmental pollution and antibiotic resistance. These observations have clearly provided evidence that Pseudomonas spp. can be considered an ideal bioindicator for industrial pollution, emphasizing an immediate need for efficient approaches for managing industrial water waste, which could otherwise pose serious threats to environmental, as well as human, health due to increased levels of MDR bacteria.

A High-Order Finite Element Framework for Solving Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations in Complex Domains

Qasim Abd Ali Tayyeh — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper introduces a new type of high order finite element method for numerically solving NLSEs in complex domains. NLSEs play a central role in the modelling of wave phenomena in optics, quantum mechanics, and fluid dynamics, however, finding their solution in geometrically complex domains is still a challenge due to nonlinearities and boundary complexities. The framework that is proposed is basing on high-order finite element discretization on unstructured meshes, which makes it possible to appropriately and flexibly compute with complex geometries. Key aspects are weak formulation with adaptation time integration, strong treatment of terms with nonlinearity by Newton-type iterations, and assignment of various other boundary conditions. Numerical experiments show high order convergence rates, conservation properties and better performance than low order methods. In order to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the framework, the soliton propagation, vortex dynamics and domains with irregular shapes are used as the benchmarks. This work leads to the development of numerical methods for NLSEs uncombining geometric flexibility and high accuracy which may provide a means for simulation in photonic devices, Bose-Einstein condensates, and other applications.

The Importance and Practice of International Financing in The Forestry Sector

Mamatqulova Muxlisa Mamirjanovna — Sat, 14 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the role, importance and practical mechanisms of international financing in the forestry sector of Uzbekistan. Major projects implemented by international institutions such as the World Bank, ADB, EBRD, GEF, GCF and UNDP during 2021–2024, their financial volume, target areas and territorial coverage are highlighted. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of international financial resources in restoring forest ecosystems, combating soil degradation, preserving biodiversity, adapting to climate change and providing employment to the local population. The article also presents institutional, technical and strategic proposals for developing cooperation with international financial institutions, including the Forest Investment Pipeline, donor coordination mechanisms and a multi-source financing model. The study substantiates the strategic importance of international financing in the sustainable development of forestry.

Thickness-Dependent Optical Confinement in Glass/TiO₂/Perovskite (MAPbI₃) Thin Films: A Spectral Integration Approach

Abdullah Mohaned Lateef — Mon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, we proposed a theoretical investigation of the optical interaction of
multilayer thin films designed from glass/TiO2/MAPbI₃ using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM)
in the range of 300–800 nm of visible light. The effect of TiO2 interlayer thickness (20 nm, 50 nm,
and 100 nm) on the confinement of interference light within a 400 nm-thick MAPbI₃ absorber layer
was analyzed. Our results showed that adding a layer of TiO₂ modifies the phase conditions within
the structure, leading to a redistribution of the optical field and a thickness-dependent absorption
behavior. We also used spectral integration to determine the overall effective absorption across the
visible light spectrum. We studied three layer thicknesses, but the 50 nm TiO₂ layer exhibited the
highest average absorption (0.259), representing an improvement of approximately 5.3% compared
to the 100 nm thickness. In the results obtained, we focused on the importance of improving the
thickness of the multiple layers in perovskite systems that are designed as a crystalline structure,
and cover important applications that work on developing the structure of thin-film photovoltaic
structures.

Review Article: Modern Trends in Knowledge Management: A Systematic Review of The Literature Between 2015 and 2025

M.M Shaymaa Jasim Khudhairer — Tue, 24 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the state of knowledge managing from the point of contemporary methodologies. The paper seeks to examine the series of hypothesis tests, data analysis procedure, research methods and data analysis procedure. There are 11 published papers selected based on the keyword’s knowledge managing, as published in different journals. The major findings in the study indicate qualitative research approaches which include conceptual models and case studies are more potent. There are a series of chasms found in the study which include insufficient hypothesis testing in a smaller number of articles, a lack of cross-organizational research, limited use of mathematical models and a reliance on conceptual analysis. This procedural review will offer a better perception of the present state of knowledge managing. The paper concludes that knowledge managing in the previous decade has taken a more innovative technological and intelligent approach whereas the vitality of the human element and institutional culture remains. The study further adds that strengthening the process of applied research in Arab contexts as well as investment in intelligent knowledge management structures will enhance and support knowledge sharing.

Theoretical Prediction of (pKa) and Thermodynamic Parameters Using Dft and PM3 Methods: Application to NSAIDs

Yosef Othman Homeda, Saif Enad Ahmed, Idrees Shaban Hassan Aljubory — Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, the thermodynamic functions of six pharmaceutical chemical compounds were calculated, and their theoretical ionization constants were determined, including enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS). These calculations were performed using different theoretical methods, namely the DFT/6-31G method, which is classified as an ab initio computational approach, and the PM3 method, which belongs to the semi-empirical computational methods. A statistical correlation was conducted between the calculated thermodynamic functions (ΔH, ΔG, ΔS) and the experimentally determined ionization constants. The results showed that the DFT/6-31G method yielded the best correlation coefficient between enthalpy values and experimental ionization constants, with a value of R² = 0.9396. Similarly, for the PM3 method, the highest correlation coefficient obtained was R² = 0.9392, also between enthalpy values and experimental ionization constants. An increase in the thermodynamic functions leads to an increase in pKa values, indicating a decrease in acidity, whereas a decrease in the thermodynamic functions results in lower pKa values, corresponding to increased acidity. Hence, the relationship between thermodynamic functions and acidity is inverse.This method is an effective tool for drug and understanding its properties, offering high precision (R² > 0.93).

Synthesis of Some New Hydroquinone Compounds Derived From 2-Amino Benzothiazole and Study Their Biological Activity

Wissam, M. R. Al-Joboury — Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Substituted 2-amino benzothiazoles (w1-W3) were produced in the current study via a reaction involving potassium thiocyanate and aniline that had been substituted with the assistance of a broom. Schiff bases are produced by reacting substituted 2-amino benzothiazoles (w4-W6). The products of the reaction between anthranilic acid and Schiff base were hydroquinone compounds (w7-9). Each new compound was identified using spectral (IR, 1H-NMR) and physical techniques. The antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms was evaluated vitro using the disc diffusion assay method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was ascertained using standard drugs as a reference. The findings indicated that hydroquinone derivatives exhibited superior activity against the proliferation of gram-positive and germ-negative bacteria compared to the drug.

The Role of Monetary Policy Instruments in Controlling Inflation

Urunbaeva Yulduz Pirnazarovna, Mamadaliyeva Marjona Shavkat qizi — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Controlling inflation is still a central macroeconomic policy objective in developed and
developing economies alike. Especially amidst increasing global economic uncertainty and new
financial crises, as well as multilevel structural transformations occurring within the majority of
emerging countries, we grow in interest for the utility of monetary policy devices with regard to
price stabilizing. The primary focus of this study is to examine the role and effectiveness of
important monetary policy tools in controlling inflation and maintaining macroeconomic stability,
especially in developing economies. The methodology employed a modified Phillips Curve
framework, applying regression analysis to the data. Using macroeconomic data from recent years,
the study analyzes inflation using the respective indicators of interest rates, money supply and
output gap. Results show the statistically significant effect of policy interest rates, open market
operations, and reserve requirements on inflation dynamics The research adds to macroeconomic
literature by combining classical monetary theory and modern econometric analysis in order to
study controlled inflation mechanisms in emerging economies.

The Role and Importance of Taxes in the Formation of State Budget Revenues

Turayev Alijon Akmal o‘g‘li, Mamadaliyeva Marjona Shavkat qizi — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Taxation is one of the main tools that shape revenues of state budgets, which fund targeted programs to support sustainable economic growth and ensure fiscal stability. This research aims at studying the significance of taxes in state budget revenue formation and various aspects of tax policy that affect fiscal sustainability and economic growth. It aims to examine the share of tax revenues in state budget forming, the effectiveness of processes related to tax collection and analyze whether the mechanism for tax policy influences public finance sustainability. The research adopts a mixed-method approach that employs both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results show that taxes are the largest source of government revenue and have material impact on fiscal sustainability. By highlighting the structural importance of tax systems in developing economies the study adds to an emerging theoretical understanding of taxation and public finance.

Hyperaccumulator Plants for Soil Remediation, Crop Protection, and Phytomining: An Integrated Sustainable Approach / Review Article

Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil is one of the most serious environmental challenges. Traditional physical and chemical remediation methods are not only costly but also environmentally damaging and unsuitable for large-scale farming. Phytoremediation, particularly the use of superaccumulating plants, represents a novel and environmentally friendly approach to soil treatment. These plants possess a unique ability to accumulate metals at concentrations hundreds or thousands of times higher than ordinary plants, utilizing a range of advanced physiological and molecular techniques. The novel concept of using these plants as biological traps has paved the way for the preventative protection of food crops from contamination. By employing a combination of phytomining, nanotechnology, and plant-root-stimulating bacteria, the remediation capacity of these plants has been further enhanced, making this method economically viable. This paper explores the use of superaccumulating plants in soil remediation and food security protection, proposing a new and advanced framework for environmentally friendly remediation and protection. The Problem Statement: Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and arsenic, accumulate in agricultural soils as a result of industrial, mining, and agricultural activities. The long-term degradation of heavy metals is attributed to their chemical stability, such as their translocation to edible plant parts. This leads to foodborne exposure risks, particularly chronic health risks to humans, such as neurotoxicity, kidney disease, and cancer. It also contributes to ecosystem degradation, including reduced microbial populations and loss of fertility. Traditional methods for treating heavy metals in agricultural soils are costly, polluting, and less sustainable, highlighting the need for new, environmentally friendly approaches. Objectives of the Article: This article aims to explore the physiological and molecular basis of how heavy metals accumulate in superaccumulators and detoxify. It also evaluates the use of superaccumulators as attractive crops to prevent the translocation of heavy metals to food crops. Furthermore, it explores the use of superaccumulators in conjunction with phytomining and biotechnology techniques to improve the sustainability of soil treatment and increase economic benefits. Finally, it highlights the research challenges and limitations in using superaccumulators for treating heavy metals in agricultural soils. Methodology: This article was conducted using peer-reviewed publications that included experimental, field, and modeling studies. It focused on super-accumulating plant species, their molecular and physiological adaptations, and their applications in soil remediation, food crop protection, and mineral extraction. Phytoremediation mechanisms include phytoremediation, phytoremediation, phytostabilization, root leaching, and phytodecomposition, as well as integrated approaches to biotrape bioculture, phytomining, microbial activation, the use of nanoparticles, and predictive modeling. Superaccumulating plant species are characterized by their ability to accumulate heavy metals at extremely high concentrations without causing phytotoxicity, making them effective biofilters. Biotrape bioculture systems strategically place superaccumulating plant species to intercept metals, reducing the amount of metals transferred to food crops. Phytomining has the potential to transform harvested plant biomass into a valuable commodity, providing a strong incentive in addition to environmental benefits. However, several challenges hinder the effective and efficient implementation of phytoremediation, including low treatment rates, variability in pollutant accumulation due to environmental factors, and the management of contaminated biomass.