Strategies of Translating Polysemy and Homonymy between English and Arabic

Hasanein Hassan Al-Khafaji, Saad Amtier Jabber — Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research investigates the linguistic phenomena of polysemy and homonymy within the context of Arabic and English linguistics. Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings, while homonymy involves words that share the same form but have unrelated meanings. The study aims to explore the mechanisms governing these phenomena, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages. By analyzing various lexical items and their semantic extensions, the research provides insights into how context determines meaning and how these relations contribute to lexical ambiguity. The findings emphasize the importance of semantic relatedness in distinguishing polysemy from homonymy and the role of historical development in shaping these lexical relations.

Characterization of Enzymatic Biomarkers in Salivary Samples for Early Detection of Pancreatic in Kirkuk

Israa Rafi Jamal, Lolawa J. Falah — Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a high mortality rate due to late-stage diagnosis and the absence of reliable early detection methods. Current diagnostic approaches, such as imaging and serum biomarkers (e.g., CA 19-9), are often invasive, expensive, and lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Saliva has emerged as a promising biofluid for non-invasive diagnostics, offering a unique window into systemic diseases, including cancer. This study aims to explore the potential of enzymatic biomarkers in saliva for the early detection of pancreatic cancer using a proteomic approach. This study investigates the differential expression of salivary enzymatic biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients compared to healthy controls. The primary objective is to characterize and validate key enzymatic proteins that could serve as reliable, non-invasive diagnostic indicators for early pancreatic cancer detection. A case-control study was conducted on 100 participants (50 pancreatic cancer patients and 50 healthy controls). Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify differentially expressed enzymes. Western blot and ELISA were used for biomarker validation. Statistical tests, including ROC curve, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity analysis, were performed to measure biomarker performance. Proteomic profiling revealed a significant upregulation of MMP-9, LDH, Amylase, and ALP in pancreatic cancer patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). MMP-9 had the optimal diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.91, sensitivity = 89.5%, specificity = 92.1%), followed by LDH (AUC = 0.88, sensitivity = 85.2%, specificity = 88.7%). Pathway analysis linked these enzymes with extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and dysregulation of metabolism, which are of crucial significance in pancreatic cancer development. The current study demonstrates that salivary enzymatic biomarkers possess vast potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The greater sensitivity and specificity of MMP-9 and LDH suggest their potential application in clinical screening programs, particularly in cases involving population at high risk. Large-scale studies need to be conducted to validate these findings and render them clinically useful.

Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science

Strategies of Translating Polysemy and Homonymy between English and Arabic

Characterization of Enzymatic Biomarkers in Salivary Samples for Early Detection of Pancreatic in Kirkuk