Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science

Developing an Intelligent Analytical Method for Monitoring Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Local Vegetables Using Portable Nano-Sensors

Sura Ekrayym Ahmed — Sun, 03 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Monitoring chemical pollutants in vegetables has become a prominent focus in modern analytical chemistry because fresh vegetables may acquire pesticide residues and heavy metals, which might jeopardize food safety and consumer health. Although traditional reference techniques are very precise and sensitive, their use for rapid on-site testing is restricted since they may need expensive equipment, specialized laboratories, and long processing periods. The study problem is the lack of a creative, portable analytical method that combines speed, reliability, and field application for detecting pesticide residues and heavy metals in local vegetables within a single framework. It looked and created a smart analytical method based on portable nanosensors to swab neighborhood vegetables for positive pesticide residues and precise heavy metals. Its analytical effectiveness is assessed through the contrast with respect to technology. The Look at has used virtual reading units, improved record processing, and fabrication of portable nanoelectrochemical sensor systems Local vegetable samples are collected from the market and processed using ideal extraction digestion strategies. Linearity, limit of detection, reproducibility, recovery and consistency regarding the processes were established through study The findings confirmed that the encouraged process has perfect linearity, low limit of detection and satisfactory repeatability. The recovery cost was additionally within reasonable analytical limits, and there was a surprising convergence between the sensor results and the reference strategies This proves its effectiveness as a potential tool for rapid web surface monitoring of vegetable infection.

Paradigm Shifts in Data Science: From Descriptive Analytics to Adaptive Predictive Modeling

Alaa Khudhair Ali, Zeinh Sabeeh Jaseem , Donea Taleb Kazim — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The data science sector has experienced a radical change in the last 10 years, shifting from less advanced and less dynamic traditional reporting to more robust adaptive predictive systems, which can aid decisions in real time. The present paper focuses on paradigm shifts defining this evolution, tracing the path of descriptive analytics to diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive models (reaching adaptive predictive modeling models, which are driven by machine learning and artificial intelligence). The study deals with the theoretical foundations of each stage, the facilitating technologies that have led to the changes between stages, and the organizational and technical challenges that are associated with these changes. Based on the extensive literature review of recent literature, the paper brings together evidence about the latest advances in healthcare, industrial systems, business intelligence, and social sciences to demonstrate how adaptive modeling is changing what data-driven decision-making is capable of. The results imply that the development towards adaptive systems cannot be uniform and progression across sectors, and that the only way to achieve success in adoption is to ensure that technical infrastructure is coordinated with strategic organizational intent. The paper provides a formal analytical framework on how the given industries are at this point of this evolutionary continuum and the point where the greatest potential improvements can be realized.

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Insights into Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Defect-Engineered Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts

Zeena Tariq Khattab, Rahma Abdul Hameed Hasan, Saad Salman Attallah — Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Developing sustainable hydrogen production from water electrolysis is an important topic in which the design of earth-abundant, high-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a central challenge. We have synthesized oxygen vacancy-enriched iron–nickel composite oxide nanocatalysts Ov-Fe₂O₃/NiO from Iraqi natural hematite sourced from Derbendikhan district of Sulaymaniyah. In this work, we report. The preparation of catalysts occurred via alkaline co-precipitation and following hydrothermal crystallisation and thermal annealing in dilute H₂/Ar. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterisation the oxygen vacancy defects were confirmed to be introduced in the material and a successful hetero-structure with a surface area of 78.3 m² g⁻¹ (crystallite size 12.4 nm).

In alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH), the Ov-Fe₂O₃/NiO composite achieved an overpotential of 285 mV at a standard 10 mA cm⁻² current density, a Tafel slope of 48 mV dec⁻¹, and a charge-transfer resistance of 3.2 Ω, which are all significantly superior to those of the undoped composite, single-phase oxides, and the reference IrO₂ catalyst. The scientists conducted electrochemical measurements of the selected nickel catalyst at 298–338 K. This enabled them to carry out rigorous kinetic analysis using the Arrhenius and Eyring formalism. The analysis yielded an activation energy of 28.4 kJ mol⁻¹, an enthalpy of activation of 25.9 kJ mol⁻¹, and an entropy of activation of −48.3 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for the defect-engineered catalyst. The above values reflect lower barriers relative to those of the reference materials. Based on findings related to density of states reasons and XPS analysis, these thermodynamic characteristics suggest that the presence of oxygen vacancies boosts the adsorption of reactive oxygen intermediates while improving the efficiency of charge carriers and reducing O–O bond intrinsic kinetic barriers. This research provides a way to quantify designed structural defects in relation to the thermodynamic landscape of OER catalysis and shows that locally sourced Iraqi mineral precursors can serve as a feedstock for advanced manufactured electrocatalysts.

Enhancing Big Data Processing Performance Using Distributed AI Techniques on High-Performance Computing Systems

Ahmed Nafea Ayesh — Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Big Data processing requires high-performance solutions in today's industries with the increasing growth of data. Traditional computing techniques are not efficient to deal with huge datasets based on process and memory constraints . Distributed AI algorithms on HPC platforms are utilized in this work to enhance Big Data processing performance. Distributed Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks were experimented with multi-core CPUs and GPU clusters. Memory optimization and cache reuse were employed to minimize data access latency. Experiments based on synthetic health-care and financial data sets show remarkable improvement in processing time, prediction accuracy, and power consumption. Experiments prove the efficacy of distributed AI strategies along with HPC for scalable Big Data analysis with high performance.

Methodology of Strategic Designing of The Distance Professional Development Process for Prosecutorial Employees Based on Pedagogical Design Tools

Askar Esbosinovich Ibraymov — Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the scientific and methodological foundations of strategically designing the distance professional development process for prosecutorial employees based on pedagogical design tools. The study examines the scientific-theoretical essence of the concept of pedagogical design (instructional design), its significance within the modern distance education system, and its potential for organizing professional development processes. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the main principles, characteristics, and models of pedagogical design, including the content of the ADDIE model, are elucidated.

Integration of Communicative and Interactive Methods in Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language

Himmatova Dilbar — Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents an integrative review of current research on the combination of communicative and interactive methods in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The relevance of this topic is determined by the changing goals of language education: teaching Russian as a foreign language is increasingly less limited to mastering grammatical structures and basic vocabulary, as the central outcome is the learner's ability to engage in real-life verbal interactions, understand the sociocultural context, use digital resources, and solve communicative problems in educational, professional, and intercultural situations. It has been found that the integration of communicative and interactive methods is most productive when learning is structured around the speech situation, learning interaction, authentic material, digital support, and reflection on communicative experience.

Pedagogical Possibilities of Project-Based Collaboration in Career Guidance For Schoolchildren Based on The STEAM Approach

Berdiyeva Hanifa — Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a theoretical and analytical review of current research devoted to the pedagogical potential of project-based collaboration in career guidance for schoolchildren based on the STEAM approach. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that traditional career guidance, focused primarily on informing students about professions, is proving insufficient in the context of the technologization of education, the expansion of interdisciplinary professional fields, and the growing importance of project-based, communication, and research skills. The source material includes research conducted between 2020 and 2025 on STEAM/PBL, integrated STEM, career awareness, STEM/STEAM interest, educational technologies, and project-based activities. Analysis shows that project-based collaboration in a STEAM environment serves not only an organizational function but also a career guidance function: it transforms students from observers to participants in professionally significant activities.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking of Cefoxitin-Derived Schiff Bases: Biological Activity and Thermal Stability (TGA)

Anaam Khalif Al-Azzawy, Diaa M. Najim, Mohammad M. Al-Tufah — Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, new Schiff base derivatives were prepared via addition and condensation reactions by adding cefoxitin to substituted benzaldehydes or ketones in an acidic medium. To produce Schiff bases (D1-D4), cefoxitin was added to the carbonyl compounds in the presence of ethanol as a solvent, using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The structures of the prepared compounds were determined using FT-IR spectroscopy and, for some of them, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The biological activity of prepared Schiff bases (D1-D4) was studied against G-negative bacteria (Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and G-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). The results showed antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds at high concentrations (0.01 and 0.001 mg/ml) compared to low concentrations (0.001 mg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella due to the effect of high concentration. In addition to performing the GTA thermal decomposition of compounds D1 and D3 to measure the change in the mass of these compounds with increasing temperatures and determine their thermal stability. In addition, compounds D1 and D3 underwent GTA thermal decomposition to assess the mass change of these compounds as temperatures increased and establish their thermal stability. Molecular docking of the three compounds (D2 and D3) with the target protein (8C7Y) was carried out using the MOE software. With the target protein, all compounds exhibited high binding affinity values. With important amino acid residues in the active site, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the primary interaction types.

Screening of Ornamental Flower Extracts as Natural Staining Agents

Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to provide additional information using natural dyes as a substitute for synthetic dyes in the viewing of plant and animal cells. It utilized the quantitative descriptive experimental research design using standard laboratory procedures. An experimental method was used in the study: it started with collecting flowers, then extract preparation using mechanical extraction, plant cell preparation, animal cell preparation, and staining the specimen for microscopic observation. Basically, there were five (5) treatments, each treatment had 3 replications. The result of the study showed that Begonia x hybrida and Mirabilis jalapa can stain the nucleus, cell wall, and cytoplasm of the plant cell when viewed under 100x and 400x magnification. While in Thunbergia erecta, the parts of the plant cell cannot be distinctly seen. In contrast, none of the extracts successfully stained animal cells, suggesting their limited application in animal histology. Compared to synthetic dyes, which pose health and environmental risks, natural dyes offer an eco-friendly and biodegradable alternative. However, their selective staining ability emphasizes their potential use in plant histology rather than animal tissue staining. Further research is needed to enhance their staining efficiency and expand their applications in microscopy.

Toxicological Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Toothpastes : Quantitative Findings and Public Health Perspectives

Sara Abdullah Kamil — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Toothpastes is important nowadays for frequent daily personal use to clean and whiten. Due to the increasing number of diseases in recent years related to the accumulation of heavy metals in the body , and due to the daily use of toothpaste , it has become important to check its safety from the heavy metals it contains . The importance lies in Knowing the safety of objects that enter or come into contact with human body , especially in the oral area , as they come into contact with the gums and salivary glands , and some children swallow them .This study has shown that there are high levels of some heavy elements examined in this work , namely lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) , among four heavy elements .The highest levels of lead (0.57 mg/kg) and arsenic (0.27mg/kg) were found in the analyzed toothpastes samples .These concentrations have been found to be very high and exceed the limits permitted by global health standards , especially in children`s toothpastes.

Organizational and Economic Analysis of Homeowners' Associations and Property Management Companies: Evidence from Uzbekistan

Qosimova Nilufar Chinberdiyevna — Sat, 30 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the organizational and economic performance of homeowners' associations (HOAs) and property management companies (MCs) operating within the residential housing sector of Uzbekistan. The primary objective is to evaluate institutional efficiency, financial governance, and service delivery capacity across both organisational forms in the context of ongoing post-Soviet urban reforms. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining quantitative panel data analysis covering 312 HOAs and 94 MCs across five Uzbek regions (2023-2025) with qualitative semi-structured interviews involving 48 housing sector practitioners. Secondary data were sourced from the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of Uzbekistan, regional statistical offices, and audited annual reports. Comparative performance indicators were constructed using principal component analysis (PCA) and descriptive statistics. The study introduces a composite Organisational Performance Index (OPI) calibrated to transition economies, extending institutional economics frameworks to Central Asian housing governance contexts that have been underexplored in the international literature. The results support targeted policy interventions including mandatory financial literacy programmes for HOA boards, professionalisation standards for MCs, and a graduated subsidy mechanism for low-income housing associations. The study is geographically bounded to five Uzbek regions and may not fully represent rural or peri-urban contexts. Future research should incorporate longitudinal experimental designs and extend the comparative framework to other Central Asian transition economiesand exceed the limits permitted by global health standards , especially in children`s toothpastes.

Procedure for Accounting for Export Transactions and Foreign Exchange Earnings

Rasulova Zilola Abdigopparovna — Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the current practices of accounting for export operations and foreign currency revenue monitoring in enterprises, with particular emphasis on improving accounting mechanisms under conditions of exchange rate volatility and increasing international trade integration. Effective accounting of export transactions plays a significant role in ensuring financial stability, maintaining liquidity, and strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises in foreign markets. The research analyzes the accounting treatment of export revenues, recognition of foreign currency inflows, exchange rate differences, and debtor obligations in accordance with international financial reporting standards, particularly IFRS 15 and IAS 21. Empirical analysis was conducted using export and foreign currency revenue data of “BETLIS TEKSTIL” enterprise for the period 2021–2025. The findings indicate that while export realization volumes remained relatively stable, the ratio of actual foreign currency revenues to export volumes gradually declined, reflecting increasing debtor risks, payment delays, and foreign exchange exposure. To improve the assessment of export efficiency and foreign currency risks, several innovative economic–mathematical models. These models provide a more accurate evaluation of financial performance and currency-related risks in export activities.

A Study of Effect of Concentration on Efficiency of dye-Sensitized Solar cells (DSSC) Based on ZnS

Haider Mushina Obeed — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, the effect of concentration on efficiency can be studied based on theoretical approach for N3 dye contact ZnS semiconductor based on dye sensitized solar cells DSSCs . The impact current density based on transition energy, , atomic density, length of charge, concentration as well as polarity of both N3 -ZnS system on the electronic transport process. The chemical Ethanol solvents using a polar media with N3 dye –ZnS semiconductor system. The current density component is evaluated relative to transition energy, driving energy, potential and coupling parameters. The strength coupling and concentration on the current density behavior can be discussion in N3-ZnS devices, that's reflected in the electronic transport results.The current density results reveal the behaviour of current density has been strongly affected by the concentration, it determine the efficiency of N3-ZnS devices. The electron transfer ability has been limited current density due to transition energy, driving force and potential. The efficiency, influenced by the carrier concentration increases of N3-ZnS devices ,it plays a significantly in the increases current density as well as limited the electrical properties of N3-ZnS devices. Specifically, the overlapping coupling between N3 dye and ZnS was influenced on the electronic current density.In general, the increases in concentration from to is favorable and increases efficiency from 4.09 to 4.448 ,it suggests that N3 dye a suitable contact for ZnS -based DSSCs devices.

Study and Analysis of the Quantum Charge Transfer Rate in Ruthenium Dye RuN3 Contacting Semiconductors

Farah Sadeq Khasrw, Hadi J. M Al-Agealy, Methaq A. R. Mohsin — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, the charge transfer interaction from the donor state in excited ruthenium dye RuN3 to the acceptor state in the semiconductor CdSe was elucidated. The charge transfer rate was calculated using the quantum scenario of charge transfer theory, based on the donor-receiver approach. IN this approach, the injection of the charge from the excited RuN3 dye into the conduction band of CdSe is treated as a quantum transition process subject to the effects of electronic coupling and reorganization energy.The rate of charge transfer in a RuN3-CdSe cell depends greatly on the rearrangement energy, the polarity of the solvent medium, the coupling strength, the distance between the RuN3 dye and CdSe, the atomic density, and the charge concentration. A high reorganization energy increases the probability of charge transfer and reduce reocobination charge , while a low energy increases the rate of charge injection and decreases the rate of transfer. Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol were used as polar media to evaluate the effects of the solvent, when in contact with RuN3 with CdSe in the device. Analysis of the reorganization energy and charge transfer rate reveals that RuN3, CdSe, and solvent properties play a crucial role in modifying charge transfer between surfaces under different solvent conditions, coupling strength, and varyied temperatures. The rate of charge transfer increases significantly with increasing temperature, overcoming the activation barrier to inject it into the conduction band of CdSe, as a result of the increased vibrational energy of the molecular system.The charge transfer reaction occurred mainly as a result of the strong bond between the RuN3 dye and CdSe, which led to increased wavefunction overlap at the interface, thus enhancing the electrical transport potential of the RuN3-CdSe device. Based on the results, the overall performance of the RuN3-CdSe device can be improved by optimizing the basic parameters of charge transport, which are governed by fundamental quantum principles, where temperature affects thermal activation, barrier reorganization energy controls, and coupling controls the quantum transport probability.

2D Materials as Thin Films: Graphene and Beyond

R. R. Mahdi, Rafal Dawood Ali — Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The paper discusses the exceptional characteristics and vast usage regarding 2D materials, focusing on advancements other than the widely researched graphene. It studies various 2D materials, like metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal-organic frameworks, which exhibit different electronic and structural properties than graphene [1], [2]. The review outlines the different synthesis methodologies used to obtain few-layer, single-layer, and multilayer assemblies of these materials, in solution and on different substrates, also at wafer scales [3]. This involves the observation of developments in the large-area synthesis technologies which are essential in the process of industrial scalability [4]. Moreover, the article explores the importance of the advanced characterization designs in explaining the atomic structure, electronic band properties and quantum phenomena of these emergent 2D systems [5], [6]. This level of understanding is important in exploiting their distinct electrical, optical, chemical and thermal characteristics in next generation technological uses [7]. The isolation of graphene in 2004 was a turning point and sparked the emergence of the research on 2D materials [8]. This resulting in discovering different novel 2D materials, such as black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, and hexagonal boron nitride which all have a different quantum-confined energy band structure because of the in plane lattice periodicity [9]. The expansion of 2D materials has now gone beyond this to include even wider range of compositions, such as metal oxides, phosphides, and other layered perovskites, and further diversification of their potential applications [10], [11]. This fast-moving era has led 2D materials to develop into a sub-discipline of physical sciences with numerous applications [12].

Effect of Optimized Alkaline Treatment on the Chemical, Microscopic, and Mechanical Properties of Banana Fibers for Sustainable Composite Applications

Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, for the first time, attempts to research banana fibers (Musa sapientum), as a new sustainability composite reinforcement material have been taken, which their composition and morphology were affected by chemical treatment with NaOH solution. NaOH treatment on banana fiber: structure and mechanical performance Within the context of this research, the effect of NaOH treatment on the structural integrity of polymeric composites is presented by highlighting differences in both chemical (Figure 2a) and physical properties (quasi-static tensile behaviors) between abaca fibers treated with different concentrations[57]. In this work, two treatment concentrations were implemented (5 wt% and 10 wt%) under controlled circumstances. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized surface morphology, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzed chemical modifications. The mechanical performances of the tensile testing were presented: The Tensile strength and Young's modulus were significantly higher in 5 wt% NaOH, and so less amount of other materials removed from raw jackfruit seeds caused increasing solid surface roughness improving fiber matrix interfacial interaction In comparison, 10 wt% NaOH treatment causes a deterioration in structure and mechanical properties Thus, the results demonstrate that careful optimization of alkaline treatment conditions is essential for improving natural fibers performances and promoting them as fillers of eco-friendly composite materials.

Formation of Methodological Competence of Informatics and Information Technology Teachers in a Digital Learning Environment Through Universal Design and Virtual Collaboration Approaches

Bahodir Sapparovich Khurramov — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the issues of developing the methodological competence of Informatics and Information Technology teachers in a digital learning environment. In particular, it highlights the significance of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) concept developed by CAST, as well as virtual collaboration-based teaching models. The results show that UDL principles contribute to the individualization of learning and improvement of educational effectiveness, while virtual collaboration supports teachers’ professional development. The integration of these approaches enables the effective development of teachers’ methodological competence.

Hybrid Identities in Multicultural Societies: Between Tradition and Modernity

Kamran Valizada — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the twenty-first century, identity has become one of the most contested and dynamically evolving concepts in social and political thought. The acceleration of globalization, intensification of migration flows, and rapid expansion of digital technologies have fundamentally transformed the conditions under which identities are formed, negotiated, and experienced. Traditional paradigms that conceptualized identity as stable, essential, and rooted in singular cultural, national, or religious frameworks are increasingly inadequate in explaining the complexities of contemporary social life. Instead, identity must be understood as fluid, relational, and hybrid.

This article provides a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of hybrid identities in multicultural societies, focusing on the tension between tradition and modernity as a central axis of transformation. It argues that hybrid identities are not merely transitional or marginal phenomena but represent a structural condition of late modernity and a dominant paradigm of identity formation in the global digital age. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from cultural theory, sociology, political philosophy, and media studies, the study develops an integrated theoretical framework that connects cultural hybridity with globalization, transnationalism, and digital identity formation.

Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach, combining conceptual analysis, critical synthesis of literature, and interpretive reflections on contemporary social realities. The findings suggest that hybrid identities are shaped by multiple intersecting forces, including migration, global cultural flows, digital platforms, and linguistic interaction. While hybridity offers significant opportunities for creativity, adaptability, and intercultural dialogue, it also generates challenges related to identity fragmentation, ontological insecurity, and the crisis of belonging.

The article concludes that hybrid identities simultaneously reflect the possibilities and contradictions of multicultural societies. They challenge traditional models of multiculturalism and necessitate the development of more flexible, dynamic, and inclusive frameworks of identity, citizenship, and governance. Understanding hybrid identities is therefore essential for addressing broader issues of social cohesion, political participation, and cultural integration in an increasingly interconnected world.

Predicting Alzheimer's Disease Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Haider Ali Muften — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder beginning with the accumulation of pathological proteins in brains and ultimately leading to neuronal death. Alzheimer's disease is among the most severe of cases that have a significant deterioration in cognitive ability with particular emphasis on detrimental effects to memory, intellect and more general behavioral functions. How: There is no cure at the moment, but researchers are working tirelessly in hopes of finding one. The immediate need for early stage diagnosis and manifestation of biomarkers has streamlined the therapeutic algorithms in terms of potential drug trials & preventive medication regimens, instituted at a very early developmental phase. Electroencephalography (EEG) is simple, faster and cost-effective non-invasive technique which can be used as adjunct for automation of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. It merits inption that epoch length of segment EEG signals data might impact the performance for classification. To tackle this issue, we presented a device-free diagnostic EEG framework, where the ideal segment length estimation for classification is obtained using machine learning and deep learning-based approaches. It consists of the data collection of EEG, preprocessing by removing noise, and segmentation in time axis. In this work, we run a comparison of using deep learning models (multilayer neural networks and convolutional neural networks) to the more traditional machine learning models. Model: Training (logospheric regression, decision tree, random forest, gradient enhancement, AdaBoost, XGBoost; CNN and MLP); Classification; Evaluation The accuracy we obtained using open data Kaggle set is 0.83%, 96,7%. and 99,3% respectively. We tested the proposed models on an entirely novel application of identifying frontotemporal dementia and achieved substantial advances relative to previous publications. Moreover, we performed several analyses and graphically presented extracted categories contents to justify the developed model. The study will set a standard in the realm of neurological disorder research and one that will support future researchers and technical experts focused on this field.

A New Solar Water Heater Design That Receives Radiation From Multiple Facets and Features a Wavy Absorption Surface, and its Performance Efficiency Has Been Tested

Kawthar Kazem Mankhi — Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Our current work aims to improve the performance of solar water heaters through a new design that maximizes solar energy utilization by using multiple surfaces to receive and absorb radiation during daylight hours. This is achieved by comparing the old design, which has only one surface facing the sun, with the new design, in which the collector's glass panel is pentagonal, allowing it to receive solar radiation from several sides and mimicking the sun's horizontal movement. Additionally, the absorber surface is wavy To make solar radiation absorbed to the greatest extent possible.

Investigation of a Palm Fronds as Affordable Adsorbent for Eliminate Dye from Wastewater

Hassanin M. Ali — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The textile industry discharges large amounts of dye-contaminated water annually to environment, which is harmful to our environment and aquatic life. This study investigates the utilization of palm frond (PF) an inexpensive and largely available agricultural waste material to eliminate methylene blue (MB) present in effluent. To solve this problem, PF were harvested, and characterized by SEM, EDS and FTIR.

Batch experiments were then conducted using several main variables which are: pH, time of contact, amount of adsorbent and initial concentration from dye. Removal efficiency was found to be as high as 97.28% at an equilibrium time of 60 min and 30°C under alkaline conditions (pH 12). Adsorption isotherms fitted laboriously to different models were analyzed, leading to very close correlation fits (Langmuir R² = 0.9855; Freundlich R² = 0.9919; Temkin R² = 0.8826), while neither isotherm adequately describes the data except for the Freundlich model indicating a heterogeneous adsorptive surface in these experiments across our experimental range of concentrations tested. Kinetic analysis showed that it corresponds to a model of pseudo second order, which chemisorption represent the major rate controlling process. These results show that palm fronds are a potent, inexpensive, and locally available adsorbent for remediation of contaminated dye wastewater.

Long-Term MgSO4 Durability of CFRP-Strengthened NSC and UHPC Beams: Surface Preparation Effects on Bond-Dependent Flexural Performance

Shahad Majid Madhlom, Hussam Ali Mohammed — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The long-term effectiveness of externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening systems is strongly governed by the durability and stress-transfer capacity of the CFRP–epoxy–concrete interface. This study experimentally investigates the bond-dependent flexural performance of CFRP-strengthened normal-strength concrete (NSC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams after exposure to magnesium sulfate solution. Twelve reinforced concrete beams were tested, including six NSC beams and six UHPC beams. For each concrete type, one unstrengthened control beam was used as a reference, while the remaining beams were strengthened with a single externally bonded CFRP sheet after applying mechanical grinding, vertical grooving, 45° inclined grooving, sandblasting, or diluted HCl treatment. After CFRP bonding and seven days of epoxy curing, all specimens were immersed in a 3.5% MgSO₄ solution for 120 days before flexural testing under two-point loading.

The results showed that CFRP strengthening remained effective after sulfate conditioning, although the improvement depended strongly on surface preparation and substrate type. In the NSC group, sandblasting produced the highest ultimate load of 145.70 kN, corresponding to a 20.55% increase over the control beam. In the UHPC group, sandblasting also achieved the highest ultimate load of 205.20 kN, representing a 28.12% increase. The 45° inclined grooving technique achieved a comparable ultimate load of 202.89 kN and provided the highest UHPC stiffness response, with a secant stiffness of 40.96 kN/mm and a 47.28% increase over the control specimen. Overall, sandblasting was most effective for load enhancement, whereas 45° inclined grooving provided a more balanced long-term response in terms of strength, stiffness, deformation behavior, and interface stability.

Instructional Leadership and Mechanisms for Assessing Management Efficiency in Modern School Management

Sherzod Nurmukhamedovich Mukhamedov — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the priority areas for improving the management efficiency of general secondary education institutions through the prism of international experience and national practice. Within the framework of the research, the specific features of global assessment programs such as TALIS, VAL-ED, and WMS are studied, and the mechanisms of their integration into the educational system of Uzbekistan are comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, the pedagogical potential of the KPI (Key Performance Indicators) system introduced in secondary schools is highlighted in terms of enhancing the professional competence of school leaders and establishing data-driven proactive management.

SPICE: Smart Precision IoT-Controlled Environment for Chili Seedling Irrigation

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Manual watering of chili plants often leads to soil moisture imbalance, which can hinder the growth of seedlings. This research focuses on the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in chili seedling systems to create a more efficient, automated monitoring and watering process. The proposed system employs an ESP32 microcontroller as the main controller, two Soil Moisture sensors to measure real-time soil humidity, a relay module, and a 12V DC pump for automatic irrigation. Sensor data are transmitted and displayed via the Blynk application, a cloud-based IoT platform that enables remote monitoring and control through mobile devices. The research process includes hardware and software design, sensor testing, and soil moisture data analysis conducted over three days at a farming area in Sungai Langka Village, Pesawaran Regency. The test results indicate that the system successfully maintains soil moisture within the optimal range of 60-80%, automatically activating the pump when the humidity drops below the threshold and deactivating it once the desired level is reached. The integration of IoT technology significantly enhances water-use efficiency, minimizes manual intervention, and supports stable and measurable chili seedling growth. Overall, this study demonstrates that IoT-based automation can serve as an innovative solution for the modernization and digitalization of agricultural systems, contributing to sustainable smart farming practices.

Impact of Wire Condenser Surface Area on Thermal performance of Household Refrigerators Using R134a and R600a under Hot Climates Conditions

Soran J. Mohammed — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research is an experimental study that will examine the thermal performance of a domestic refrigerator used three-wire tube condenser setup with varying fin numbers. Under Natural Convection, the efficiency of condensers is calculated. They work with two refrigerants: R134a and R600a. The condensers were tested at ambient temperatures of 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C. The performance of the refrigeration system was evaluated based on refrigeration effect, compressor work, pressure ratio, and compressor COP. The results have demonstrated that the cooling performance of the refrigeration systems decreases and the COP decreases with increasing ambient temperature. There is a higher compressor load and condensing pressure for both refrigerants. Among the condensers, the conventional condenser had the highest COP in all the cases. A larger effective value of k resulted in values and better thermal performance. heat transfer area. R600a showed the best results under moderate ambient conditions, and R134a operated more smoothly at high-temperature conditions. Overall, it is seen that the surface area of the condenser has a considerable effect on the thermal efficiency of the refrigerator in a hot climate.

Hydrochemical Assessment and Water Quality Index (WQI) Evaluation of Groundwater in Hawija District, Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq

Hayfaa M. Atawy, Rafah J. Kadhim — Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Groundwater plays a significant role in fulfilling drinking water demands and human activities in most regions, especially in cities and villages where there is shortage of surface water.

The purpose of this study is the assessment of chemical and physical characteristics of ten samples of groundwater in the Hawija district of Kirkuk Governorate in January 2025. The results were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Iraqi specifications.

Several variables were quantified, such as pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity, and major ions (chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium). A water quality index was also estimated to determine how well the water can be consumed by humans.

The findings revealed that the majority of the measured properties were within acceptable ranges, and some samples were above the standard ranges. This brought about high water quality index of 51-250. The quality of water was between good and very poor, according to the classification, and some of the wells could not be used to drink water as the percentage of dissolved salts was too high.

In this paper, the researcher points out the importance of periodically tracking the groundwater in the area and use of suitable treatment methods before it is used as drinking water. It also points out the potential to divert the water to agricultural and industrial use in the event that it goes beyond the acceptable health limits.

Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Sensitizing Dyes on yhe Performance of Ruthenium Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells DSSCs Based on Quantum Electronic Transition

Hazim Hadi Dhaif AL-Jaberi, Hadi J. M Al-Agealy, Hussein A Sabtic — Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, the efficiency and characteristic of ruthenium sensitized based on TiO2 semiconductor in dye sensitized solar cells DSSCs are calculated and studied using electron transfer theory .The electron transfer raction occurred from the donor state in excited ruthenium dye N3 and N719 dyes to the acceptor state in the semiconductor TiO2 has been elucidated. The current density was calculated using the quantum charge transport theory, based on the donor-receiver model. In this model, the current density as results of electron transfer from the excited N3 and N719 dyes into the TiO2 is subjected to the effects of reorganization energy, the atomic density, and the charge concentration and coupling.The reorganization energy a N3/TiO2 and N719/TiO2 cells depends greatly on polarity of the acetonitrile solvent medium, the physic strength, al structure of N3 ,N719 and TiO2 materials the distance between the N3 and N719 dyes and TiO2.A high reorganization energy for N3/TiO2 decreases the probability of electron transfer and increase reocobination charge , while a low reorganization energy for N719/TiO2 increases the rate of electon transfer and decreases the rate of reocobination charge. A discussion of the reorganization energy reveals that N3,N719 , TiO2 and acetonitrile solvent properties play a crucial role in modifying electron transfer between N3 and N719 dyes and TiO2 surfaces under different coupling strength, and room temperatures. The current density increases significantly with decreasing the reorganization energy and increasing coupling overcoming, as a result of the increased alignment energy level of the materials system.The high current density occurred mainly as a result of the strong bond between the N719 dye and TiO2 comparing with low at N3 with TiO2 , which led to increased wavefunction overlap at the interface, thus enhancing the electron transport of the N719/TiO2 device. Based on the results, the overall performance of the N719/TiO2 device can be improved by increased charge transport and reach to 5.337% larger than 3.783% for N3/TiO2 , where reorganization energy affects controls, and coupling controls the electron transport.

The Combined Effects of Grain Size and Temperature on Grain Boundary Absorption Efficiency in Nanocrystalline Nickel: A Theoretical Study of Defect Dynamics under Irradiation

Abeer Ibrahim Ashawi — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study theoretically analyzes the variation of GB absorption efficiency with grain size and temperature in order to elucidate the microscopic dynamics of irradiation-induced defects and their interactions with structural sinks in nanocrystalline nickel. A dual-defect reaction-diffusion model considering both vacancies and interstitials was developed. The governing equations were numerically solved by the Crank-Nicolson scheme and implicit Newton iterations to ensure that the numbers remained stable even under very high temperature and reaction rate. The Robin boundary condition is employed to explore the effect of the boundary kinetic coefficient, h, on the partial defect transfer at grain boundaries. The simulations indicate that the concentrations of defects increase rapidly after irradiation and then gradually saturate. The stabilization under low temperatures takes a very long time due to slow diffusion. However, at high temperatures (T > 700 K), it attains within seconds. A significant reduction in the concentration of both vacancies and interstitials near grain boundaries (GBs) confirms that they act as an effective sink; the interstitials are more easily absorbed than vacancies due to the relation (Di \ Dv). As the size of grains goes down from 200 nm to 20 nm, sink efficiency is increased by about 2-5 times. This is because the diffusion paths are shorter while the boundary area density is higher. However, it somewhat decreases below 10 nm due to the saturation of the boundary. Efficiency also increases with temperature up to 700 K and then decreases slightly beyond that with the movement of the system towards an interface-limited regime. Model predictions are in good agreement with the available analytical solutions and suggest that the nonlinear recombination term reduces the efficiency of sinks by 10–25%. The dependence of defects evolution on (h), grain size, and temperature introduces a tool for the design of radiation-resistant nanocrystalline materials.

Estimation Of Certain Heavy Metals, Oxidative Stress Markers, And Antioxidants In The Blood Serum Of Patients With Kidney Failure

Sara Abdullah Kamil, Heba Saad Assal, Ziad Tariq Taha — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study focused on evaluating the levels of certain heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidants, namely interleukin-6 (IL-6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The study included 90 blood samples, divided into a control group of 60 patients with renal failure and a control group of 30 apparently healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected between January 2024 and March 2024. Serum cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were estimated, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured using standard laboratory methods.

The results showed a significant increase in the levels of cadmium (2.86 ± 0.73), lead (6.858 ± 1.191), and interleukin-6 (18.72 ± 5.64) in the patient group compared to the healthy control group (p ≤ 0.001). Conversely, a significant decrease in SOD enzyme concentration (1.91 ± 0.54) was observed in the renal failure patient group compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001). These results indicate a disruption in the antioxidant capacity to combat inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the role of heavy metals in the development and exacerbation of inflammation in renal failure patients. The study concludes that the role of heavy metals in causing inflammatory and oxidative imbalances may play a significant part in the development and progression of the pathological mechanisms associated with renal failure, making these variables important biomarkers for assessing, diagnosing, and monitoring the disease's progression.

Preparation And Study Of The Properties Of Sodium Alginate-Coated Nanoscale Montmorillonite Clay For The Removal Of Organic Dyes

Ayman Ali Hussein — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents an advanced organic synthetic approach for the preparation of a hybrid nanocomposite consisting of montmorillonite (MMT) coated with sodium alginate (SA) for the removal of organic dyes from water. The synthetic route was designed to rely on specific organic interaction mechanisms, including directed hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups in the alginate and the surface silanol chains of the clay, as well as multi-site ionic coordination interactions according to the Egg-box model using calcium ions as cross-linking agents, which enabled the formation of a three-dimensional polymer network that stabilizes the clay sheets and prevents their agglomeration. The biosynthesis conditions were optimized using a factorial design (2³ FFD), where the results showed that the highest chemical coupling yield reached 94.31% at an alginate concentration of 2.0%, pH = 4.0, and a temperature of 55°C. FT-IR and XRD characterization techniques confirmed the occurrence of distinctive functional shifts, manifested as a 15 cm⁻¹ shift in the carboxyl band and a 5.43 Å increase in the interplanar spacing (d₀₀₁), reflecting the success of the intercalation process and the formation of stable coordinate bonds. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the carboxyl group contributes 32.1% to the total variance, confirming its pivotal chemical role. A response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the adsorption process, where the compound achieved a removal efficiency of 98.12% for methylene blue dye at pH = 10.0, with an experimental maximum adsorption capacity of 230.46 mg/g. Nonlinear modeling demonstrated the superiority of the Langmuir model (χ²=0.042, RMSE=0.015) and the pseudo-second-order model (R²=0.9992), confirming that the adsorption process proceeds via a monolayer chemical mechanism at energetically homogeneous sites, while the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°=-25.75 kJ/mol, ΔH°=+14.11 kJ/mol) confirmed the spontaneity of the process and its endothermic nature. The integrated results demonstrate that the developed hybrid nanocomposite represents an advanced functional platform with high chemical stability and superior adsorption capacity, making it a sustainable strategic solution in green chemistry applications for the treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with refractory organic dyes.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Vinegar as a Feminine Wash Against Klebsiella pneumonia

Fatema A. Mahamed — Sun, 21 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common health problems affecting women worldwide. Klebsiella pneumoniae plays a significant role in the occurrence of UTIs, particularly in chronic cases, owing to its high capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of vinegar as a feminine wash against K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from women suffering from chronic urinary tract infections, and to compare this efficacy against commonly used antibiotics. The study included the collection of 50 clinical specimens from women with chronic UTIs. Bacterial identification was performed using culture methods, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and confirmed by the VITEK automated system. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Disk Diffusion Method. The antibacterial effect of vinegar at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% was assessed by measuring inhibition zones. Results showed that K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent isolate (40%), with varying rates of antibiotic resistance. Meropenem achieved the highest sensitivity rate at 100%. Vinegar demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity: weak at 25%, moderate at 50%, and strong at 75% with large inhibition zones against K. pneumoniae isolates. The study concludes that vinegar possesses clear antibacterial efficacy, suggesting its potential use as an adjunctive or supportive agent in the prevention and management of female urinary tract infections. Future research is recommended to assess cellular safety and clinical effects before any medical application.

Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Motivation: An Empirical Analysis of Leadership Styles and Their Impact on Employee Performance

Mahmudov Kahramon Saydullayevich — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the empirical relationship between leadership styles, employee motivation, and subsequent employee performance within contemporary organizational frameworks. Utilizing a quantitative research design rooted in a positivist philosophy, data were gathered from 384 full-time corporate employees across diverse sectors using a standardized, self-administered questionnaire. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression analysis were employed via statistical software to evaluate the hypothesized relationships. The findings demonstrate that transformational leadership exerts the most substantial positive impact on both intrinsic motivation and overall employee performance. Transactional leadership shows a moderate, statistically significant positive relationship with performance, primarily mediated by extrinsic motivation, while servant leadership strongly fosters psychological empowerment and intrinsic drive. The empirical results confirm that employee motivation acts as a critical mediating variable through which leadership behaviors translate into enhanced operational performance. This paper contributes to organizational behavior literature by providing a comprehensive, comparative analysis of three dominant leadership paradigms within a single conceptual framework, offering actionable insights for human resource practitioners and executive leadership aimed at optimizing organizational efficacy.

Pragmatic Functions of Metonymic Relations in English, Uzbek, and Karakalpak Languages

Kosbergenova Umida Jumabek qizi — Tue, 23 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the pragmatic functions of metonymic relations in English, Uzbek, and Karakalpak languages. Metonymy is examined not only as a linguistic device but also as a cognitive and communicative mechanism that plays a crucial role in discourse interpretation, inferencing, and cultural conceptualization. Drawing on cognitive linguistics, pragmatic theory and frame semantics, the study demonstrates that metonymy operates as a dynamic process of meaning construction in context. The comparative analysis reveals that while metonymy is universal in cognitive structure, its pragmatic realization varies significantly across languages due to cultural and literary traditions.

Molecular Detection of blaOXA and qnrS Resistance Determinants and Clinical Predictors in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter cloacae

Abdalkader Saeed Latif — Tue, 23 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and quinolone-resistant Enterobacter cloacae are designated critical-priority pathogens by the World Health Organization. Data on the molecular drivers of resistance and their clinical predictors in Iraq remain limited. We determined the prevalence of the blaOXA carbapenemase and qnrS plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance determinants, their clinical predictors, and their phylogenetic relationship to regional strains. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 non-duplicate clinical isolates (60 A. baumannii, 60 E. cloacae) were collected from 120 patients. Species identification used automated systems and antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed CLSI M100 (36th ed.). The blaOXA and qnrS genes were detected by validated real-time PCR (efficiency 90–110%, R² > 0.99) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Independent predictors of gene carriage were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Sequences were compared with regional strains by BLASTn and neighbour-joining phylogenetics. Results: blaOXA predominated in A. baumannii (65% vs 20%; p < 0.001), whereas qnrS predominated in E. cloacae (45% vs 17%; p = 0.002); gene co-existence occurred in 9.2% of isolates. Prior antibiotic use (adjusted OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.9–7.6), ICU stay > 7 days (OR 2.9, 1.4–6.1) and recurrent urinary-tract infection (OR 2.6, 1.2–5.5) were independent predictors of gene carriage. Iraqi sequences clustered tightly with Iranian, Turkish, Jordanian and Egyptian strains (98.4–99.1% nucleotide identity). Conclusions: MDR A. baumannii and E. cloacae in Iraq carry a high burden of blaOXA and qnrS determinants embedded in a regional dissemination network. Modifiable healthcare-associated exposures predict gene carriage, supporting targeted antimicrobial stewardship and molecular surveillance.

Methodological Foundations for Designing Interdisciplinary Integrative Tasks in Primary Education

Elmurodova Inoyat Abdumutalibovna — Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the methodological foundations for designing integrative tasks based on an interdisciplinary approach in primary education. The essence of the study is that primary school pupils should not acquire knowledge as isolated fragments within separate subjects, but should learn to apply it in meaningful situations through observation, comparison, analysis, problem solving and creative activity. Integrative tasks make it possible to unite the content of language and reading literacy, mathematics, natural sciences, technology, fine arts and education around a single learning problem. As a result, the stages, principles, types and assessment indicators for developing integrative tasks for primary grades are clarified and presented in a logically structured methodological sequence.

Drinking Water as a Source of Intestinal Parasite Transmission in Tikrit City and Methods of Prevention: A Field Study

Abdullah Hussein Abdullah AL-Salamee — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Protozoan parasites are of considerable importance in drinking water systems because their cystic stages are environmentally stable and resistant to conventional disinfection methods. This study aimed to investigate the presence of protozoan parasites in drinking water from different areas of Tikrit City, Iraq. To achieve this objective, 100 drinking water samples were collected from seven areas in Tikrit, namely Al-Arbaeen, Al-Zuhour, City Center, Al-Qadisiyah, 100-Dar, Al-Fursan, and Al-Suqour, during the period from January to May. Following collection, water samples were examined for protozoan cysts using direct wet mount examination, Lugol’s iodine staining, and the modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique. The results revealed that 23% of the examined samples were contaminated with protozoan parasites. The prevalence rates of the identified parasites were 14% for Giardia lamblia and 9% for Cryptosporidium parvum. The highest prevalence of parasitic contamination (40%) was recorded in Al-Suqour area, whereas the lowest prevalence rate (14.2%) was observed in Al-Zuhour area. Regarding seasonal variation, the highest prevalence rate (40%) was recorded in May, while the lowest prevalence rate (10%) was observed in both December and February. The findings demonstrated the presence of protozoan parasites in drinking water within the study area and highlighted the urgent need to improve drinking water treatment and purification systems in order to control diseases caused by these pathogens. In addition, identifying potential sources of contamination is essential for reducing public health risks and ensuring the safety of drinking water supplies.